Hawaii County, HI

The USDA Economic Research Service Food Access Research Atlas flags 31 of Hawaii County's 51 census tracts as low-access, covering 97,240 residents of a 202K total population. That translates to a county-wide low food access share of 48.1%, which measures how many people live more than one mile from the nearest supermarket in urban settings or more than ten miles in rural settings. Because Hawaii classifies tracts using the same distance thresholds the USDA applies nationwide, Hawaii County's figure is directly comparable to peer counties and to the state benchmark.

The food desert signal strengthens when distance is stacked with income. In Hawaii County, 21,887 residents are flagged as low-income and more than one mile from a supermarket (the urban threshold), while 7,296 meet the low-income, ten-mile rural threshold. Those overlapping conditions are the precise combination the USDA uses to designate a food desert tract. Layered context includes a median household income of $74,238, a poverty rate of 14.1%, and SNAP participation covering 13,369 households — roughly 18.4% of the county — drawn from the Census Bureau American Community Survey five-year estimates.

Transportation is the hidden variable behind most food access gaps. About 5.0% of Hawaii County households report no vehicle available, meaning any measured distance to a supermarket translates into a real trip on foot, by transit, or by asking for a ride. Group quarters residents — 1.2% of the population — are counted separately because their food access patterns follow an institution rather than a household. With more than 30% of Hawaii County in a low-access area, the county sits well above the national median and warrants closer review of supermarket siting, SNAP outreach, and transit connections.